約 4,147,598 件
https://w.atwiki.jp/lotroquest/pages/109.html
THE FLOW OF GOODS / 物資流通 依頼者:ローズケイン巡視員(WATCHER ROSECANE) 「このブリー郷(Bree-land)で野営してる山賊の本拠地へ行くなら、あいつらが周りの農場やら、街道筋やらで盗んだ品物を探してもらませんか? まだブリー村は手ひどくやられちゃいませんが、これじゃ店が空っぽになるのは時間の問題です。 もし山賊に攻め続けられたら、食い物も、エールも、ブリーの衆の慰めになるようなもんはみんな底を尽いちまいますし、しまいにゃそれどころじゃなくなっちまいます。 野営地で盗まれたもんを探してくれませんかね?」 !物資を回収したら、完了報告はこちら 目的1 ●盗まれた物資を回収せよ(0/12) ●物資をローズケイン巡視員に届けよ 盗まれた物資は、山賊の手で“山賊の見張り”(the Brigand s Watch)に保管されている。 ローズケイン巡視員は、“山賊の見張り”でブリー郷の農場と街道筋から盗まれた物資を探すよう依頼した。 背景 ブリー郷の農場と街道を攻撃している山賊が、村を満たすべき物資の多くを持ち去ってしまった。 クエスト・データ 適正レベル:15 クエスト・タイプ:ソロ 前提クエスト:SHARKEY S PLAN / シャーキーの計画 派生クエスト:―
https://w.atwiki.jp/mtg2384/pages/143.html
掲載日:2010 / 07 / 22 フォーマット:レガシー(~ROE) Decks of the Week 7/22/2010 Constructed Legacy Event #1395775 on 07/13/2010 in Daily Events 参加人数:24名 07 / 13 (1) 4-0:バーンズー(緑赤白)/Burn Zoo 07 / 13 (1) 4-0:デス&タックス(白単)/Death&Taxes 07 / 13 (1) 3-1:親和エルフ/Elves Combo Constructed Legacy Event #1414733 on 07/15/2010 in Daily Events 参加人数:28名 07 / 15 (1) 4-0:発掘/Dredge 07 / 15 (1) 4-0:ズー(緑赤白)/Zoo 07 / 15 (1) 3-1:緑白アグロ/GW Aggro Constructed Legacy Event #1414757 on 07/16/2010 in Daily Events 参加人数:27名 07 / 16 (1) 4-0:発掘/Dredge 07 / 16 (1) 4-0:デス&タックス(白単)/Death&Taxes 07 / 16 (1) 3-1:親和エルフ(タッチ白)/Elves Combo Constructed Legacy Event #1414794 on 07/17/2010 in Daily Events 参加人数:32名 07 / 17 (1) 4-0:エンチャントレス/Enchantress 07 / 17 (1) 4-0:カウンタートップソプター(青白)/Counter-Top Thopters Constructed Legacy Event #1414790 on 07/18/2010 in Daily Events 参加人数:25名 07 / 18 (1) 4-0:デス&タックス(白単)/Death&Taxes Constructed Legacy Event #1414819 on 07/20/2010 in Daily Events 参加人数:24名 07 / 20 (1) 4-0:デス&タックス(白単)/Death&Taxes 07 / 20 (1) 4-0:カウンタートップソプター(青白)/Counter-Top Thopters 07 / 13 (1) 4-0 バーンズー(緑赤白)/Burn Zoo 使用者:Plat Main Deck 1《血染めのぬかるみ/Bloodstained Mire》 1《森/Forest》 3《地平線の梢/Horizon Canopy》 1《山/Mountain》 1《平地/Plains》 2《Plateau》 1《Savannah》 3《Taiga》 4《吹きさらしの荒野/Windswept Heath》 4《樹木茂る山麓/Wooded Foothills》 4《渋面の溶岩使い/Grim Lavamancer》 4《密林の猿人/Kird Ape》 2《聖遺の騎士/Knight of the Reliquary》 4《クァーサルの群れ魔道士/Qasali Pridemage》 4《タルモゴイフ/Tarmogoyf》 4《野生のナカティル/Wild Nacatl》 3《Chain Lightning》 2《火炎破/Fireblast》 4《稲妻/Lightning Bolt》 2《稲妻のらせん/Lightning Helix》 4《流刑への道/Path to Exile》 2《森の知恵/Sylvan Library》 Sideboard 4《エーテル宣誓会の法学者/Ethersworn Canonist》 2《紅蓮破/Pyroblast》 3《大祖始の遺産/Relic of Progenitus》 4《トーモッドの墓所/Tormod s Crypt》 2《梅澤の十手/Umezawa s Jitte》 07 / 13 (1) 4-0 デス&タックス(白単)/Death&Taxes 使用者:Blazelix Main Deck 2《トロウケアの敷石/Flagstones of Trokair》 4《Karakas》 2《ミシュラの工廠/Mishra s Factory》 10《平地/Plains》 4《不毛の大地/Wasteland》 3《エーテル宣誓会の法学者/Ethersworn Canonist》 4《ちらつき鬼火/Flickerwisp》 3《ヨツンの兵卒/Jotun Grunt》 3《コロンドールのマンガラ/Mangara of Corondor》 4《ルーンの母/Mother of Runes》 4《セラの報復者/Serra Avenger》 3《石鍛冶の神秘家/Stoneforge Mystic》 4《霊気の薬瓶/AEther Vial》 2《忘却の輪/Oblivion Ring》 1《ルーンの光輪/Runed Halo》 1《火と氷の剣/Sword of Fire and Ice》 1《光と影の剣/Sword of Light and Shadow》 4《剣を鍬に/Swords to Plowshares》 1《梅澤の十手/Umezawa s Jitte》 Sideboard 2《沈黙のオーラ/Aura of Silence》 2《ブレンタンの炉の世話人/Burrenton Forge-Tender》 1《エーテル宣誓会の法学者/Ethersworn Canonist》 3《台所の嫌がらせ屋/Kitchen Finks》 2《貪欲な罠/Ravenous Trap》 3《沈黙/Silence》 2《トーモッドの墓所/Tormod s Crypt》 07 / 13 (1) 3-1 親和エルフ/Elves Combo 使用者:DidierD Main Deck 13《森/Forest》 1《ガイアの揺籃の地/Gaea s Cradle》 1《ペンデルヘイヴン/Pendelhaven》 4《樺の知識のレインジャー/Birchlore Rangers》 3《Elvish Spirit Guide》 1《引き裂かれし永劫、エムラクール/Emrakul, the Aeons Torn》 3《Fyndhorn Elves》 4《遺産のドルイド/Heritage Druid》 4《ラノワールのエルフ/Llanowar Elves》 1《鏡の精体/Mirror Entity》 4《イラクサの歩哨/Nettle Sentinel》 4《ティタニアの僧侶/Priest of Titania》 3《クウィリーオン・レインジャー/Quirion Ranger》 1《威厳の魔力/Regal Force》 1《無限に廻るもの、ウラモグ/Ulamog, the Infinite Gyre》 1《ヴィリジアンのシャーマン/Viridian Shaman》 4《ワイアウッドの共生虫/Wirewood Symbiote》 4《垣間見る自然/Glimpse of Nature》 3《召喚士の契約/Summoner s Pact》 Sideboard 4《クローサの掌握/Krosan Grip》 3《精神壊しの罠/Mindbreak Trap》 4《大祖始の遺産/Relic of Progenitus》 3《殺戮の契約/Slaughter Pact》 1《トーモッドの墓所/Tormod s Crypt》 07 / 15 (1) 4-0 発掘/Dredge 使用者:SICKSICKSICKSICKSICKSICKSICK Main Deck 4《セファリッドの円形競技場/Cephalid Coliseum》 4《真鍮の都/City of Brass》 4《宝石鉱山/Gemstone Mine》 4《知られざる楽園/Undiscovered Paradise》 3《恐血鬼/Bloodghast》 1《炎の血族の盲信者/Flame-Kin Zealot》 4《ゴルガリの墓トロール/Golgari Grave-Troll》 2《ゴルガリの凶漢/Golgari Thug》 4《ナルコメーバ/Narcomoeba》 2《朽ちゆくインプ/Putrid Imp》 1《失われた真実のスフィンクス/Sphinx of Lost Truths》 4《臭い草のインプ/Stinkweed Imp》 4《打開/Breakthrough》 4《黄泉からの橋/Bridge from Below》 4《陰謀団式療法/Cabal Therapy》 4《入念な研究/Careful Study》 3《戦慄の復活/Dread Return》 4《炎の嵐/Firestorm》 Sideboard 1《祖神に選ばれし者/Ancestor s Chosen》 2《古えの遺恨/Ancient Grudge》 3《蒸気の連鎖/Chain of Vapor》 4《Force of Will》 4《虚空の力線/Leyline of the Void》 1《天啓の光/Ray of Revelation》 07 / 15 (1) 4-0 ズー(緑赤白)/Zoo 使用者:joshmilliken2001 Main Deck 3《乾燥台地/Arid Mesa》 1《森/Forest》 3《地平線の梢/Horizon Canopy》 1《山/Mountain》 1《平地/Plains》 3《Plateau》 1《Savannah》 2《Taiga》 3《吹きさらしの荒野/Windswept Heath》 3《樹木茂る山麓/Wooded Foothills》 1《ガドック・ティーグ/Gaddock Teeg》 3《渋面の溶岩使い/Grim Lavamancer》 4《密林の猿人/Kird Ape》 3《聖遺の騎士/Knight of the Reliquary》 4《クァーサルの群れ魔道士/Qasali Pridemage》 4《タルモゴイフ/Tarmogoyf》 4《野生のナカティル/Wild Nacatl》 2《Chain Lightning》 4《稲妻/Lightning Bolt》 4《稲妻のらせん/Lightning Helix》 4《流刑への道/Path to Exile》 2《師範の占い独楽/Sensei s Divining Top》 Sideboard 1《ボジューカの沼/Bojuka Bog》 2《ガドック・ティーグ/Gaddock Teeg》 2《クローサの掌握/Krosan Grip》 3《精神壊しの罠/Mindbreak Trap》 3《紅蓮破/Pyroblast》 2《剣を鍬に/Swords to Plowshares》 2《梅澤の十手/Umezawa s Jitte》 07 / 15 (1) 3-1 緑白アグロ/GW Aggro 使用者:Bazaar of Baghdad Main Deck 1《ドライアドの東屋/Dryad Arbor》 2《森/Forest》 4《地平線の梢/Horizon Canopy》 1《Karakas》 1《平地/Plains》 4《Savannah》 4《不毛の大地/Wasteland》 4《吹きさらしの荒野/Windswept Heath》 1《浄火の大天使/Empyrial Archangel》 4《聖遺の騎士/Knight of the Reliquary》 1《ルーンの母/Mother of Runes》 4《貴族の教主/Noble Hierarch》 1《大祖始/Progenitus》 3《クァーサルの群れ魔道士/Qasali Pridemage》 2《石鍛冶の神秘家/Stoneforge Mystic》 4《タルモゴイフ/Tarmogoyf》 4《霊気の薬瓶/AEther Vial》 1《世界のるつぼ/Crucible of Worlds》 2《生ける願い/Living Wish》 4《自然の秩序/Natural Order》 1《師範の占い独楽/Sensei s Divining Top》 1《火と氷の剣/Sword of Fire and Ice》 1《光と影の剣/Sword of Light and Shadow》 4《剣を鍬に/Swords to Plowshares》 1《梅澤の十手/Umezawa s Jitte》 Sideboard 1《ボジューカの沼/Bojuka Bog》 1《赤の防御円/Circle of Protection Red》 1《永遠の証人/Eternal Witness》 1《ガドック・ティーグ/Gaddock Teeg》 1《Karakas》 4《クローサの掌握/Krosan Grip》 1《ロクソドンの教主/Loxodon Hierarch》 2《流刑への道/Path to Exile》 1《クァーサルの群れ魔道士/Qasali Pridemage》 1《薄青幕の侍/Samurai of the Pale Curtain》 1《The Tabernacle at Pendrell Vale》 07 / 16 (1) 4-0 発掘/Dredge 使用者:SICKSICKSICKSICKSICKSICKSICK Main Deck 4《セファリッドの円形競技場/Cephalid Coliseum》 4《真鍮の都/City of Brass》 4《宝石鉱山/Gemstone Mine》 4《知られざる楽園/Undiscovered Paradise》 3《恐血鬼/Bloodghast》 1《炎の血族の盲信者/Flame-Kin Zealot》 4《ゴルガリの墓トロール/Golgari Grave-Troll》 2《ゴルガリの凶漢/Golgari Thug》 2《イチョリッド/Ichorid》 4《ナルコメーバ/Narcomoeba》 4《朽ちゆくインプ/Putrid Imp》 1《失われた真実のスフィンクス/Sphinx of Lost Truths》 4《臭い草のインプ/Stinkweed Imp》 4《打開/Breakthrough》 4《黄泉からの橋/Bridge from Below》 4《陰謀団式療法/Cabal Therapy》 4《入念な研究/Careful Study》 3《戦慄の復活/Dread Return》 Sideboard 1《祖神に選ばれし者/Ancestor s Chosen》 2《古えの遺恨/Ancient Grudge》 3《蒸気の連鎖/Chain of Vapor》 4《Force of Will》 4《虚空の力線/Leyline of the Void》 1《天啓の光/Ray of Revelation》 07 / 16 (1) 4-0 デス&タックス(白単)/Death&Taxes 使用者:Blazelix Main Deck 2《トロウケアの敷石/Flagstones of Trokair》 4《Karakas》 2《ミシュラの工廠/Mishra s Factory》 10《平地/Plains》 4《不毛の大地/Wasteland》 3《エーテル宣誓会の法学者/Ethersworn Canonist》 4《ちらつき鬼火/Flickerwisp》 3《ヨツンの兵卒/Jotun Grunt》 3《コロンドールのマンガラ/Mangara of Corondor》 4《ルーンの母/Mother of Runes》 4《セラの報復者/Serra Avenger》 3《石鍛冶の神秘家/Stoneforge Mystic》 4《霊気の薬瓶/AEther Vial》 2《忘却の輪/Oblivion Ring》 1《ルーンの光輪/Runed Halo》 1《火と氷の剣/Sword of Fire and Ice》 1《光と影の剣/Sword of Light and Shadow》 4《剣を鍬に/Swords to Plowshares》 1《梅澤の十手/Umezawa s Jitte》 Sideboard 2《沈黙のオーラ/Aura of Silence》 2《ブレンタンの炉の世話人/Burrenton Forge-Tender》 3《台所の嫌がらせ屋/Kitchen Finks》 2《貪欲な罠/Ravenous Trap》 3《沈黙/Silence》 1《サルタリーの僧侶/Soltari Priest》 2《トーモッドの墓所/Tormod s Crypt》 07 / 16 (1) 3-1 親和エルフ(タッチ白)/Elves Combo 使用者:larkblue Main Deck 3《Bayou》 4《森/Forest》 1《ガイアの揺籃の地/Gaea s Cradle》 1《霧深い雨林/Misty Rainforest》 1《ペンデルヘイヴン/Pendelhaven》 1《寺院の庭/Temple Garden》 3《新緑の地下墓地/Verdant Catacombs》 1《樹木茂る山麓/Wooded Foothills》 4《樺の知識のレインジャー/Birchlore Rangers》 3《エルフの幻想家/Elvish Visionary》 4《遺産のドルイド/Heritage Druid》 4《ラノワールのエルフ/Llanowar Elves》 1《鏡の精体/Mirror Entity》 4《イラクサの歩哨/Nettle Sentinel》 4《クウィリーオン・レインジャー/Quirion Ranger》 1《威厳の魔力/Regal Force》 4《ワイアウッドの共生虫/Wirewood Symbiote》 2《召喚の調べ/Chord of Calling》 2《雲石の工芸品/Cloudstone Curio》 1《調和の中心/Concordant Crossroads》 4《垣間見る自然/Glimpse of Nature》 4《召喚士の契約/Summoner s Pact》 3《思考囲い/Thoughtseize》 Sideboard 2《ブレンタンの炉の世話人/Burrenton Forge-Tender》 1《鉤爪の統率者/Caller of the Claw》 1《不屈の随員/Dauntless Escort》 2《強迫/Duress》 1《エルフのチャンピオン/Elvish Champion》 3《フェアリーの忌み者/Faerie Macabre》 1《クローサの掌握/Krosan Grip》 1《自然の復活/Nature s Resurgence》 2《難問の鎮め屋/Vexing Shusher》 1《ヴィリジアンのシャーマン/Viridian Shaman》 07 / 17 (1) 4-0 エンチャントレス/Enchantress 使用者:FiatLux Main Deck 8《森/Forest》 1《Karakas》 2《平地/Plains》 1《Savannah》 2《セラの聖域/Serra s Sanctum》 4《吹きさらしの荒野/Windswept Heath》 4《アルゴスの女魔術師/Argothian Enchantress》 1《引き裂かれし永劫、エムラクール/Emrakul, the Aeons Torn》 2《沈黙のオーラ/Aura of Silence》 4《エレファント・グラス/Elephant Grass》 4《女魔術師の存在/Enchantress s Presence》 1《亡霊の牢獄/Ghostly Prison》 1《地の封印/Ground Seal》 2《霊体の正義/Karmic Justice》 1《木化/Lignify》 1《Moat》 3《忘却の輪/Oblivion Ring》 1《空位の玉座の印章/Sigil of the Empty Throne》 3《独房監禁/Solitary Confinement》 4《真の木立ち/Sterling Grove》 2《森の知恵/Sylvan Library》 4《楽園の拡散/Utopia Sprawl》 4《繁茂/Wild Growth》 Sideboard 1《沈黙のオーラ/Aura of Silence》 2《窒息/Choke》 1《赤の防御円/Circle of Protection Red》 3《孤独の都/City of Solitude》 1《フェメレフのエンチャントレス/Femeref Enchantress》 1《地の封印/Ground Seal》 2《霊体の正義/Karmic Justice》 1《木化/Lignify》 1《独房監禁/Solitary Confinement》 2《新緑の女魔術師/Verduran Enchantress》 07 / 17 (1) 4-0 カウンタートップソプター(青白)/Counter-Top Thopters 使用者:Zenith777 Main Deck 1《アカデミーの廃墟/Academy Ruins》 4《溢れかえる岸辺/Flooded Strand》 5《島/Island》 4《霧深い雨林/Misty Rainforest》 2《平地/Plains》 1《汚染された三角州/Polluted Delta》 1《教議会の座席/Seat of the Synod》 1《Tropical Island》 2《Tundra》 1《Underground Sea》 4《渦まく知識/Brainstorm》 4《相殺/Counterbalance》 3《対抗呪文/Counterspell》 1《世界のるつぼ/Crucible of Worlds》 2《仕組まれた爆薬/Engineered Explosives》 4《悟りの教示者/Enlightened Tutor》 3《Force of Will》 2《精神を刻む者、ジェイス/Jace, the Mind Sculptor》 1《Moat》 1《忘却の輪/Oblivion Ring》 1《真髄の針/Pithing Needle》 4《師範の占い独楽/Sensei s Divining Top》 1《弱者の剣/Sword of the Meek》 4《剣を鍬に/Swords to Plowshares》 1《求道者テゼレット/Tezzeret the Seeker》 2《飛行機械の鋳造所/Thopter Foundry》 Sideboard 1《基本に帰れ/Back to Basics》 1《赤の防御円/Circle of Protection Red》 1《エーテル宣誓会の法学者/Ethersworn Canonist》 1《謙虚/Humility》 1《水流破/Hydroblast》 3《翻弄する魔道士/Meddling Mage》 1《流刑への道/Path to Exile》 1《真髄の針/Pithing Needle》 2《大祖始の遺産/Relic of Progenitus》 2《トーモッドの墓所/Tormod s Crypt》 1《ヴィダルケンの枷/Vedalken Shackles》 07 / 18 (1) 4-0 デス&タックス(白単)/Death&Taxes 使用者:Russia Main Deck 2《トロウケアの敷石/Flagstones of Trokair》 4《Karakas》 2《ミシュラの工廠/Mishra s Factory》 10《平地/Plains》 4《不毛の大地/Wasteland》 3《エーテル宣誓会の法学者/Ethersworn Canonist》 4《ちらつき鬼火/Flickerwisp》 3《ヨツンの兵卒/Jotun Grunt》 3《コロンドールのマンガラ/Mangara of Corondor》 4《ルーンの母/Mother of Runes》 4《セラの報復者/Serra Avenger》 3《石鍛冶の神秘家/Stoneforge Mystic》 4《霊気の薬瓶/AEther Vial》 2《忘却の輪/Oblivion Ring》 1《ルーンの光輪/Runed Halo》 1《火と氷の剣/Sword of Fire and Ice》 1《光と影の剣/Sword of Light and Shadow》 4《剣を鍬に/Swords to Plowshares》 1《梅澤の十手/Umezawa s Jitte》 Sideboard 2《沈黙のオーラ/Aura of Silence》 2《ブレンタンの炉の世話人/Burrenton Forge-Tender》 1《エーテル宣誓会の法学者/Ethersworn Canonist》 3《台所の嫌がらせ屋/Kitchen Finks》 2《貪欲な罠/Ravenous Trap》 3《沈黙/Silence》 2《トーモッドの墓所/Tormod s Crypt》 07 / 20 (1) 4-0 デス&タックス(白単)/Death&Taxes 使用者:Blazelix Main Deck 2《トロウケアの敷石/Flagstones of Trokair》 4《Karakas》 2《ミシュラの工廠/Mishra s Factory》 10《平地/Plains》 4《不毛の大地/Wasteland》 3《エーテル宣誓会の法学者/Ethersworn Canonist》 4《ちらつき鬼火/Flickerwisp》 3《ヨツンの兵卒/Jotun Grunt》 3《コロンドールのマンガラ/Mangara of Corondor》 4《ルーンの母/Mother of Runes》 4《セラの報復者/Serra Avenger》 3《石鍛冶の神秘家/Stoneforge Mystic》 4《霊気の薬瓶/AEther Vial》 2《忘却の輪/Oblivion Ring》 1《ルーンの光輪/Runed Halo》 1《火と氷の剣/Sword of Fire and Ice》 1《光と影の剣/Sword of Light and Shadow》 4《剣を鍬に/Swords to Plowshares》 1《梅澤の十手/Umezawa s Jitte》 Sideboard 2《沈黙のオーラ/Aura of Silence》 2《ブレンタンの炉の世話人/Burrenton Forge-Tender》 1《エーテル宣誓会の法学者/Ethersworn Canonist》 1《亡霊の牢獄/Ghostly Prison》 2《台所の嫌がらせ屋/Kitchen Finks》 2《貪欲な罠/Ravenous Trap》 3《沈黙/Silence》 2《トーモッドの墓所/Tormod s Crypt》 07 / 20 (1) 4-0 カウンタートップソプター(青白)/Counter-Top Thopters 使用者:Zenith777 Main Deck 1《アカデミーの廃墟/Academy Ruins》 4《溢れかえる岸辺/Flooded Strand》 6《島/Island》 4《霧深い雨林/Misty Rainforest》 2《平地/Plains》 1《汚染された三角州/Polluted Delta》 1《教議会の座席/Seat of the Synod》 2《Tundra》 1《Underground Sea》 4《渦まく知識/Brainstorm》 4《相殺/Counterbalance》 3《対抗呪文/Counterspell》 1《世界のるつぼ/Crucible of Worlds》 2《仕組まれた爆薬/Engineered Explosives》 4《悟りの教示者/Enlightened Tutor》 3《Force of Will》 2《精神を刻む者、ジェイス/Jace, the Mind Sculptor》 1《Moat》 1《忘却の輪/Oblivion Ring》 1《真髄の針/Pithing Needle》 4《師範の占い独楽/Sensei s Divining Top》 1《弱者の剣/Sword of the Meek》 4《剣を鍬に/Swords to Plowshares》 1《求道者テゼレット/Tezzeret the Seeker》 2《飛行機械の鋳造所/Thopter Foundry》 Sideboard 1《基本に帰れ/Back to Basics》 1《赤の防御円/Circle of Protection Red》 1《謙虚/Humility》 4《翻弄する魔道士/Meddling Mage》 1《流刑への道/Path to Exile》 1《非業の死/Perish》 2《大祖始の遺産/Relic of Progenitus》 1《ルーンの光輪/Runed Halo》 2《トーモッドの墓所/Tormod s Crypt》 1《ヴィダルケンの枷/Vedalken Shackles》
https://w.atwiki.jp/nekocompany/pages/58.html
Anatomy of the Pelvis - for Artists 骨盤の解剖学 https //www.youtube.com/watch?v=-GA8oC9PFQo http //www.proko.com/anatomy-of-the-pelvis-for-artists/ Hello, in this episode of Proko we’re going to learn the anatomy of the Pelvis. こんにちは、このビデオでは 骨盤のことを学んでいきたいと思います。 We’ll explore the structure of the parts, the difference between a male and female pelvis, and how to simplify the structure to make it manageable to draw. その構造、 骨盤における男性と女性の違い そしてどうやって描く際に取り扱いしやすく単純化するかを 探求していきます。 Let’s take a look at the Parts of the Pelvis. 骨盤を構成する部品を見ていきましょう。 0 32 The Parts of the Pelvis 骨盤を構成する部品 The 2 hip bones, along with the sacrum and coccyx of the spine form what s known as the pelvis. 二つの寛骨と、脊椎につながっている仙骨と尾骨、 これが骨盤として知られているものです。 Each hip bone consists of 3 parts. それぞれの寛骨は、三つの部品から構成されています。 0 43 These 3 parts actually start out as 3 separate bones at birth and fuse together throughout puberty. この三つの部品は、 出生時は実際に三つの骨に分かれており、 思春期を通して一つに融合します。 On the top half stands a wing-like wall called the ilium. 上半分は、羽のような壁が立ち上がっていますが、 腸骨と呼ばれています。 Under the ilium, in the front is the pubis. 腸骨の下、前方は恥骨です。 And behind the pubis is the ischium. そして恥骨の背後は座骨です。 You can remember that there’s all sorts of “icky” stuff that happens in the ischium. あらゆる不快な(icky)出来事は 座骨(ischium)で起きるわけです。 These 3 bones fuse together right in the middle of the acetabulum a deep socket of the ball and socket joint of the hip. これらの三つの骨は、寛骨臼を中心としてしっかりとくっついています。 寛骨臼は、臀部の球関節の受け口となります。 The femur sits right in there and rotates in all directions to move the leg. 大腿骨はそこにはまり込み、 足を動かすためにあらゆる方向へ回転します。 Ilium 腸骨 The Ilium is the largest of the 3 parts. 腸骨は三つの部品の中で一番大きなものです。 The 2 curved walls converge in the back, connected by the sacrum. 二つの曲がった壁が後部で合流し、 仙骨によってつなげられています。 The part of the ilium that is visible in the surface is the top edge known as the iliac crest, so let’s take a closer look at it. 腸骨の部分において、人体表面に見える部分というのは、 てっぺんの縁、腸骨稜です。 ですので、もう少しそれを近くで見てみましょう。 The iliac crest starts in the front at the ASIS, that’s Anterior Superior Iliac Spine. 腸骨稜は人体前方、ASISから始まっています。 ASISは Anterior Superior Iliac Spine 上前腸骨棘 の略です。 And it ends in the back at the PSIS or Posterior Superior Iliac Spine. そして、人体後方の PSIS Posterior Superior Iliac Spine 上後腸骨棘 で終わります。 Dont miss this. これを間違えないでください。 I mention these two landmarks a lot. この二つの目印についてたびたび言及することになります。 And I use them a lot when drawing the figure. そして、人物画を描くときに多用します。 From top view, the crest curves outward from the ASIS for a short distance to the tubercle. 上から見ると、縁は、 上前腸骨棘から短い距離、 外側、結節へ向かってカーブしています。 Then curves back for a longer distance, and then almost straight backward for a short distance to the PSIS. その後、後方へ長い距離カーブし、 そして、上後腸骨棘へ向かって殆どまっすぐ短い距離向かっています。 2 18 From side view, the crest creates a half circle arc. 側面から見ると、 縁は半円形の弧を描いています。 This arc shape will vary, from a smooth curve in some people, to a sharp corner at the top point in other people. この弧の形は大変多様であり、 ある人では滑らかなカーブで、 またある人では頂点が鋭角な角になっています。 This high point is somewhat back from center. 個の頂点は、幾分中心を起点として後方寄りです。 Men tend to have a more angular high corner, while women have a smoother curve. 男性はより角ばっていますが、 女性はどちらかというと滑らかです。 2 41 Only the front 1/4 of the crest is actually visible on surface, starting from this tubercle. 腸骨結節(tubercle)のあたりから始まって腸骨稜の前方1/4だけが表面において見えています。 2 48 The rest is covered by the external oblique muscle on the sides and flank fat in the back. 残りは、側面においては外腹斜筋に、 背中にあっては脂肪におおわれています。 2 54 Here’s a good example where you can clearly see the ASIS in the front and the external oblique covering the side portion. この画像は、前方の上前腸骨棘と、外腹斜筋が残りを覆っている 様子が見える良い例です。 On a more muscular or overweight body type, it appears as a sharp edge, indicating the bottom border of the external oblique. より筋肉質な人、もしくは太りすぎな人では、 前方の上前腸骨棘と、外腹斜筋が残りを覆っている様子は より鋭角に見えますが、それが 外腹斜筋の下の境界線を示しています。 If the torso bends laterally, the external oblique is stretched up, sometimes exposing the middle section of the crest. もしトルソを外側へ倒すと、 外腹斜筋は引き延ばされ、 時折腸骨稜の中央部が見えます。 On a very lean person, the ASIS pokes out as a visible protrusion. 大きく傾いた人物では、 上前腸骨棘が目に見える突起として突き出ます。 It pokes out even farther when the spine is extended, and the muscles around the ASIS are stretched. 上前腸骨棘は、 脊椎が伸展され、 上前腸骨棘周辺の筋肉が伸ばされたとき、 さらに長く突き出ます。 3 35 The visible portion curves downward and inward. 目に見えるカーブの部分は、下向き且つ内向きです。 3 39 Try to feel it on yourself. 自分の体を触って確かめてみましょう。 In the back the Posterior Superior Iliac Spines are surrounded by muscles and flank fat. 背中では、 上後腸骨棘は、 筋肉と脂肪でおおわれています。 They are usually seen as two dimples where connective tissue attached to the spines pull the skin inward. それらは通常、 二つのくぼみとして見られますが、 そこでは、脊椎に付着した結合組織が、 皮膚を内側へ引っ張っています。 You might see a subtle indication of the crest in men, though mostly softened by the flank fat. 男性においては腸骨稜のわずかな兆候を見ることができるかもしれませんが、 大体においては脂肪によって滑らかにされています。 In women it can be so softened that the hips appear to continue all the way to the top of the waist. 女性においては 腸骨稜は、大変滑らかにされているので、 尻が腰の頂点までずっと続いているように見える In some poses when a lean model stretches her back muscles, the bones push out and appear as protrusions instead of a dimple. いくつかの女性のポーズにおいては、 傾いたモデルが彼女の背中の筋肉を伸ばしたとき、 上後腸骨棘などが突き出てくぼみの代わりに突起として見えることがあります。 4 20 Pubis 恥骨 Ok, let’s move on to the pubis. はい、次は恥骨です。 The two sides are joined by a cartilaginous disc at the pubic symphysis. 両側の恥骨は 恥骨結合において、軟骨性の円盤によって 連結されています。 This is a commonly used landmark, but you won’t actually see a bony point because it’s covered by pubic fat. これはよく目印として使われますが、 しかし実際には骨ばった目印の点を見ることはできないでしょう。 脂肪でおおわれているからです。 4 38 You can find it by following the trail of the inguinal ligament. 鼠径靭帯の痕跡を追うことによって 恥骨結合を見つけることができます。 A thin string-like ligament stretching from the ASIS to the pubic tubercle just lateral of the pubic symphysis. 鼠径靭帯は薄くひも状の靭帯で、 上前腸骨棘から恥骨結合外側の恥骨結節まで伸びています。 4 51 It defines the lower border of the abdominal mass called the "furrows of the groin" and appears deeper in men. 鼠径靭帯は腹部の下の境界、鼠蹊部のしわと呼ばれています、 を定義づけ、 男性ではより深く現れます。 The pubic symphysis aligns with the level of the tailbone, although this varies. 恥骨結合は、尾骨の高さと並びますが、 人によって多様です。 In men, it’s also on the same vertical plane with the ASIS. 男性において、 恥骨結合は上前腸骨棘と同じ垂直の平面に存在します。 Another useful alignment, is the pubic symphysis tends to be the vertical center of the whole body. もう一つの有用な整列は、 恥骨結合は、人体を通る垂直線のちょうど真ん中になる傾向にあります。 In the back, the vertical center is between the bottom of the sacral triangle and the bottom of the buttocks, right in the middle of where the glutes meet. 背中において、 垂直線の真ん中は、 仙骨の三角形の底と臀部の底の真ん中、 臀部の筋肉があるところのちょうど真ん中です。 5 27 Gender Differences 性差について The pelvis has the most divergence between male and female of the entire skeleton. 骨盤は、骨格全体の中でも 男女で大変違いのある骨です。 Mainly because a female pelvis is built to allow a woman to give birth. 主な理由は、 女性の骨盤は、 女性が出産を可能にするために作られているからです。 Skelly, I’d like you to meet, Skella! Skelly、君に紹介したい人物がいるんだ、 Skella! What makes Skelly so attracted to Skella’s pelvis? 一体SkellyはSkellaの骨盤のどこに惹かれたのでしょう? Well, the female pelvis has lighter and thinner parts. さて、女性の骨盤は軽くて薄くなっています。 It’s about 2 finger widths wider and 2 finger widths shorter than a male pelvis. 女性の骨盤は、男性のものより 大体指二本分幅広く、 指二本分短くなっています。 The walls of the ilium are more vertical, but not as tall. 腸骨の壁はより垂直ですが、高くはありません。 The pelvis is tilted forward more on a female. 女性の骨盤は男性より前に傾いています。 The ASIS protrude forward more and don t align with the pubic symphysis. 上前腸骨棘は前へ飛び出し、 恥骨結合とは垂直に整列しません。 On a man, the ASIS and pubic symphysis align on the same vertical plane. 男性では上前腸骨棘と恥骨結合は、 同じ垂直平面上に整列します。 6 48 You might also notice that the pubic arch is much wider on a female pelvis. また、恥骨弓が女性の骨盤では幅広くなっていることに気付いたかもしれません。 About 120 degrees in women, but only 90 degrees in men. 女性で120度、しかし男性では90度ぐらいです。 This means that women’s ischia are farther apart. このことにより、女性の座骨は互いにより遠く離れています。 Creating a wider gap between the leg muscles because the insertion points of the adductor muscles are farther. 両足の筋肉同士により幅広い隙間ができます。 なぜなら、内転筋の付着点がより遠くなるからです。 On a woman, you might see a gap even if the legs are together. 女性では、足をそろえたとしても 隙間ができることが確認できると思います。 On a male, the gap is much smaller. 男性では、この隙間は幾分狭くなります。 Sometimes there is no gap, even if the legs are separated. 男性では、時折この隙間は見えなくなります。 例え足を話していたとしてもです。 7 22 The widening of all these parts on a female pelvis pushes the acetabula laterally, which in turn pushes the greater trochanters. 女性の骨盤においてこのようにこれらの部品が横に広がっていることが、 寛骨臼を外側へ広げることになります。 よって、同様に大転子も横へ広がります。 These differences, along with more fat distribution, account for why women have more prominent hips. 脂肪の分布も併せた、これらの相違点が、 なぜ女性がより目立つ臀部を持っているかの原因になります。 An average woman will have a higher body fat percentage than an average man, so the baby doesn’t starve during hard times. 平均的な女性は、平均的な男性より脂肪の割合が多いです。 赤ちゃんが、大変な時に飢えないためです。 7 49 Like the pelvis, the sacrum is also shorter, wider, and curves posteriorly more. 骨盤と同様、 仙骨もまた、短く、幅広く、後方へカーブしています。 On the surface, this plane of the lower back is more angled on a woman and more vertical on a man. 表面において、 この下部の平面は、女性ではより急角度に、男性ではより垂直になっています。 8 10 The main reason for the wider female pelvis is to create a larger inlet and larger outlet for a baby to pass through. 女性の骨盤が幅広い主な理由は 赤ん坊が通り抜けるための より幅広い入口と出口を作るためです。 The inlet is this round shape here. 入口はここでは丸い形をしています。 Very round and wide on a female. 女性では大変丸く幅広くなっています。 On a male pelvis the inlet shape is more like this. 男性では、入口の形はどちらかというとこのようになっています。 8 29 The outlet is the space between the bottoms of the ischia and tailbone. 出口は、座骨と尾骨の底の間の隙間です。 You can see how everything is more spaced out on the female pelvis, perfect for childbirth. 女性の骨盤においてすべてが出産のために配置されていることが わかったことでしょう。 Allow me to demonstrate. 実演してみましょう。 As you can see, the baby passes through Skella s pelvis quite easily. ご覧のように、 赤ちゃんがSkellaの骨盤をきわめて簡単に 通り抜けることが分かります。 But with Skelly. しかしSkellyでは... Well... さて、 To review, a male pelvis is characterized by height, weight, more vertical angle, thickness, sharper angles, and a smaller cavity. 復習ですが、 男性の骨盤は、高さ、重さ、より垂直で、厚く、 鋭い角度で、隙間が小さいことで 特徴づけられています。 A female pelvis is characterized by width, lightness, forward tilt, thinness, and a larger cavity. 女性の骨盤は、幅、軽さ、 前方への傾き、 薄さ、より大きい隙間によって 特徴づけられています。 9 33 Simplified Structure 構造の単純化 As you can probably tell, the forms of the pelvis are quite complex. もうお分かりかもしれませんが、 骨盤の構造は大変複雑です。 Trying to imagine these forms from various angles let alone drawing them is very challenging. いろいろな角度から形を創造するのはもちろん、 まして描くことは 大変難しいことです。 Let’s take a look at a few ways we can simplify the pelvis to make it easier to construct and pose the body. 人体を構築したりポーズをとらせたりすることを 簡単にするために、 骨盤を単純化できるいくつかの方法を 見てみましょう。 !--訳注 ここから字幕と不一致-- 9 53 The relationship between the top half and bottom half of the pelvis simplifies to 2 perpendicular planes. The Ilium generally angles inward to the sacrum. The ischium and pubis together angle perpendicularly to that, meeting at the pubic symphysis. From the side, It s kinda like a figure 8. A twisted figure 8. . !--ここまで-- 9 55 Bucket バケツ Now, the method I’ll use a lot in this Anatomy course, is the bucket. さて、 この解剖学のコースで私が多用するやり方は、 バケツです。 I like it because starting the construction with a bucket allowsus to get very accurate placements for the landmarks. 私はこのやり方が好みです。 なぜなら、 バケツで構築することから始めることは、 目印を大変正確に配置できるからです。 A bucket is basically a tapered cylinder. バケツは基本的に先細った円筒形です。 This cylinder, in a neutral standing pose, is tilted forward, like the pelvis. この円筒形が、中立姿勢において、 前方に傾いています。 骨盤のように。 It s wider at the top and narrower at the bottom. このバケツは、てっぺんで広く、底で狭くなっています。 Also, the width is longer than the depth. 幅は奥行きより長くなっています。 So the top and bottom caps are not perfect circles. ですので、てっぺんと底の蓋は、完全な円ではありません。 10 29 This ellipse of the top cap is the first thing I draw. 上の蓋の楕円は、私が最初に描く部分です。 It determines a lot of things. 個の楕円はたくさんのことを決めてくれます。 The width, the forward tilt, and the side to side leaning. 幅、傾き、そして左右の傾きです。 It s also not too hard to find on the surface of a model. また、この楕円は、 モデルの表面上に容易に見つけられます。 From the front, use the ASIS points to determine the side to side leaning angle. 前方において、 左右の傾きを決めるために 上前腸骨棘の点を使います。 !--字幕欠落ここから-- From the back, use tha dimple at the PSIS, or the bottom edges of the external obliques. 背中では、上後腸骨棘のくぼみ、 もしくは外腹斜筋の縁を使います。 !--ここまで-- Now, from the top you ll notice that this ellipse doesn t really follow the shape of the iliac crest all the way. さて、上から見たとき、 この楕円形は、腸骨稜の形を すべてにおいて追ってはいないことに 気づくでしょう。 It does for this middle portion but then the crest takes a sharp turn inward, leaving this extra space. 中ごろの部分において、腸骨稜は内側へ急なカーブになっており、 このスペースも実際の骨盤との違いになっています。 Well, if you consider the muscles and flank fat in this area, this ellipse actually follows the surface curve nicely! さて、筋肉と脂肪がこの範囲に入ることを考えれば、 この楕円は表面のカーブによくはまります! And in the front, the curve follows the form of the abs. そして前方では、 カーブは腹筋の形を追います。 Of course, on an obese body, this won t work as well. もちろん、太った体では、 このことはうまくいきません。 So, we’re looking just at this portion of the iliac crest when drawing the top ellipse. ですので、 てっぺんの楕円を描くとき、 腸骨稜のこの赤い部分だけを見るようにしましょう。 After I ve established the ellipse, I ll add the side planes. 楕円を決めたのち、 側面を加えます。 The length depends on how much foreshortening there is caused by the tilt and our point of view. 側面の長さは、 バケツの傾きと、我々の支点によって 引き起こされる短縮遠近がどのぐらいかに依存しています。 Longer lines when there’s no foreshortening. 短縮遠近されていないとき線は長くなり、 And shorter lines when there’s a lot of foreshortening. より短縮遠近されたときの短い線です。 You also have to think about the gender differences. さらに性差について考えなければなりません。 Remember, a female pelvis is wider and shorter than a male pelvis. 女性の骨盤は、男性のものより幅広く短いことを思い出してください。 Finally, I ll add the bottom cap and that gives me a simplified form for the pelvis. ついに、底を描き加え、 単純化された骨盤の形が手に入りました。 There we have a simple representation of the pelvis as a bucket. バケツとしての骨盤の、 単純な表現が手に入りました。 In the next lesson, I’ll show you how to break it down further to construct the minor forms of the pelvis. 次のレッスンでは、 骨盤の細部を組み立てるために どうやって詳細に描くか、 お見せします。 In the meantime, fill a page with buckets from various angles. さしあたっては、 いろいろな角度からのバケツでページを埋めてください。 Premium Anatomy students, you can login to your account and use the 3d model of the bucket and pelvis as reference. 有料版の生徒は、 アカウントにログインして 骨盤の3Dモデルとバケツを資料として使うことができます。 Spin it around and draw the bucket! バケツを回し、そして描きましょう! If you’d like to sign up for the Premium Anatomy Course, go to proko.com/anatomy
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Event Christmas Events HAM (24, 23 December 2011) First event will be held HAM! Part 1 and Part 2 will be held twice. The content is the same plan. More convenient one, or both, please join! Ask you to text chat and admitted 30 minutes before the start. Part 1 more Date 2011/12/23 Time 21 00 to 23 00 (Japan time) Part 2 Details Date 2011/12/24 Time 13 00 to 15 00 (Japan time) Description photography sally Text chat in more detail What you need Photos for photography equipment Event mercenaries charged (glass + range for flying grenades, grenade launcher) Decorate your flash battlefield smoke grenade explosions since Christmas Let us wear sunglasses to prevent glare Events Photo Gallery Part 1 the first group photo of the event s first memorable HAM blankimgプラグインエラー:ご指定のファイルがありません。アップロード済みのファイルを指定してください。 smoke mistaken bombing brought to the event blankimgプラグインエラー:ご指定のファイルがありません。アップロード済みのファイルを指定してください。 The rooms are narrower than I expected! blankimgプラグインエラー:ご指定のファイルがありません。アップロード済みのファイルを指定してください。 C is released and quickly deep shit! blankimgプラグインエラー:ご指定のファイルがありません。アップロード済みのファイルを指定してください。 After mistaken bombing a flash grenade to take a picture blankimgプラグインエラー:ご指定のファイルがありません。アップロード済みのファイルを指定してください。 Finally caught on pretty memorable piece blankimgプラグインエラー:ご指定のファイルがありません。アップロード済みのファイルを指定してください。 If a person targeted by shooting and trying to set lol blankimgプラグインエラー:ご指定のファイルがありません。アップロード済みのファイルを指定してください。 NAOKI_RZ are stained crimson visibility was shot during shooting blankimgプラグインエラー:ご指定のファイルがありません。アップロード済みのファイルを指定してください。 Are aligned with clean HAM! blankimgプラグインエラー:ご指定のファイルがありません。アップロード済みのファイルを指定してください。 NAOKI_RZ of shooting ( impressed me was shot by Mr. Wing!) Part 2 At Copper Hill! blankimgプラグインエラー:ご指定のファイルがありません。アップロード済みのファイルを指定してください。 Guided me to the spot shooting walled Mr. Julio! blankimgプラグインエラー:ご指定のファイルがありません。アップロード済みのファイルを指定してください。 Finally, decide on a single.Thanks to everyone who participated blankimgプラグインエラー:ご指定のファイルがありません。アップロード済みのファイルを指定してください。 NAOKI_RZ of shooting ( impressed me was shot by Mr. Wing!) Jurio s pictures while jumping ( thanks from Mr. Wing Post) Special Edition HAM clan sign on the map exercises!?I think it was great! It is beautifully written ( thank you Posted from Julio)
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ゲーム情報(登録されているタグ) シリーズ>The Treasures of Mystery Island ジャンル>アイテム探し ジャンル>パズル ジャンル>謎解き 製作会社>Alawar Entertainment 製作会社>Alawar Five-BN 製作会社>未確認 言語>英語 コメント欄へ移動 ゲーム配布ページ 英語 http //www.bigfishgames.com/download-games/9095/treasures-of-mystery-island-the-gates-of-fate/index.html 日本語 紹介文 When the Gates of Fate send Alex and Lisa back in time, each to a different decade, they must figure out how to return to the present, and each other, before a rumbling volcano spews its contents! Guide Lisa as she befriends a local girl, searches for the magic tiles that can send her home, and leaves clues for Alex to find in the future. Discover The Treasures of Mystery Island 2, and use your Hidden Object skills to save the day! Fantastic gameplay Incredible art Return to the present! Check out our Blog Walkthrough Play The Treasures of Mystery Island 画像 « » var ppvArray_0_2263c69de7a1d305662e78488fc862a4 = new Array(); ppvArray_0_2263c69de7a1d305662e78488fc862a4[0] = http //w.atwiki.jp/bfgmatome/?cmd=upload&act=open&page=The+Treasures+of+Mystery+Island%3A+The+Gates+of+Fate&file=en_treasures-of-mystery-island-the-gates-of-fate-screen1.jpg ; window.onload=function(){ ppvShow_0_2263c69de7a1d305662e78488fc862a4(0); }; function ppvShow_0_2263c69de7a1d305662e78488fc862a4(n){ if(!ppvArray_0_2263c69de7a1d305662e78488fc862a4[n]){ alert( 画像がありません ); return; } ppv_0_2263c69de7a1d305662e78488fc862a4$( ppv_img_0_2263c69de7a1d305662e78488fc862a4 ).src=ppvArray_0_2263c69de7a1d305662e78488fc862a4[n]; ppv_0_2263c69de7a1d305662e78488fc862a4$( ppv_link_0_2263c69de7a1d305662e78488fc862a4 ).href=ppvArray_0_2263c69de7a1d305662e78488fc862a4[n]; ppv_0_2263c69de7a1d305662e78488fc862a4$( ppv_prev_0_2263c69de7a1d305662e78488fc862a4 ).href= javascript ppvShow_0_2263c69de7a1d305662e78488fc862a4( +(n-1)+ ) ; ppv_0_2263c69de7a1d305662e78488fc862a4$( ppv_next_0_2263c69de7a1d305662e78488fc862a4 ).href= javascript ppvShow_0_2263c69de7a1d305662e78488fc862a4( +(n+1)+ ) ; } function ppv_0_2263c69de7a1d305662e78488fc862a4$(){ var elements = new Array(); for (var i = 0; i arguments.length; i++){ var element = arguments[i]; if (typeof element == string ) element = document.getElementById(element); if (arguments.length == 1) return element; elements.push(element); } return elements; } 備考 レス一覧 173 名前: 名無しさんの野望 [sage] 投稿日: 2010/10/07(木) 19 17 32 ID 0NPQd3nd The tresures of mystery islandシリーズの The gate of fate クリアしたよー 破片さがしとミニゲームの繰り返しだけど面白かった。 結構ボリュームあったと思う。 コメント 名前 コメント トップページに戻る
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The Language of Anatomy 解剖学用語 https //www.youtube.com/watch?v=Rooe4hsA47M index=3 list=PLtG4P3lq8RHFBeVaruf2JjyQmZJH4__Zv 用語集 http //www.proko.com/anatomy-terms/ 訳注 解剖学用語には厳密な定義があるので、なにか信頼できる書籍なども 同時に参照するのがよろしいかと思われます。 アーティストのための美術解剖学には 用語の日英対訳があります。 0 00Word. 用語 0 13I'm kinda worried that you want to get past these basics and into the meat of it all. 私は、皆さんがこれらの基本を飛ばして さっさと核心に入りたいと思ってるんじゃないかと 心配しています。 0 18 Hehe. literally the meat. ハハッ、文字通り「肉」ですね But before you jump ahead to muscles, just hang on, relax your basic sphincters, and take a little time to learn some terms. しかし、筋肉に飛びつく前に、 ちょっと踏みとどまって、 括約筋を落ち着かせて、 少々用語について学んでみましょう。 You'll be glad later. あとでやっておいてよかったと思います。 Your sphincters will be fine, and when we get to muscles, they'll be easy and fun. 括約筋も良くなるし、 筋肉について学ぶときに理解が簡単で楽しくなります。 0 36 Let's begin by making sure we understand the words. まずは、しっかりといくつかの用語を学ぶことから始めましょう。 You'll get lost if you don't know them. これらの用語を知らないと迷子になることになります。 0 43 At first, you may have to think for a moment to remember which means front and which means back, but when you can do it this fast, you have it forever. 最初に、どっちが前でどっちが後ろを意味するのか 覚えたほうがいいです。 最初にやっておけばずっと忘れないでしょう。 If you need a quick reminder, I've created a list of anatomy terms at proko.com/anatomy-terms. もし早見表が必要なら、 proko.com/anatomy-terms に用語表を作っておきました。 0 59 If you know the language of anatomy, you'll be able to figure out those long latin names, and you won't have to say "What the heck is Stan talking about?" もし解剖学用語を知っていれば、 長ったらしいラテン語の名前を解き明かすことができるでしょうし、 「Stanは一体全体何をしゃべってるの?」と言わなくてすむでしょう。 1 11 Terms of Location 場所の用語 1 13 Anterior describes something that is toward the front of the body. Anteriorは、 人体の前方へ向かっている何者か という意味です。 Alternatively, posterior describes something that is toward the back of the body. 一方で、posteriorは人体の後方へ向かっている何者か という意味です。 訳注 用語をアーティストのための解剖学から調査 anterior 前 前方 体の前に向かう 腹側 posterior 後 後方 体の後ろに向かう 背側 (It also refers to the back of the hand, and top of the foot. ) Medial is something located toward the middle of the body or away from the side. Medialは体の中心に向かって位置している何か、 もしくは側面から離れた何かです。 Medial 内側 体の正中線または中心軸に向かう The opposite is Lateral. 反対なのがLateralです。 Something that is toward the side of the body or away from the middle. 体の側面に向かっているか 中心から離れている 何者かです。 Lateral 外側 体の正中線または中心軸から離れる Superior is toward the top or above. Superiorは、頂点に向かって、もしくは上へ、という意味です。 Superior 上方 頭により近いか、 上部の構造や体部に向かう構造についていう。 And Inferior is toward the bottom, below. Inferiorは底へ、もしくは下へという意味です。 Inferior 下 下方 足により近いか、下部の構造や体部に 向かう構造について言う Distal refers mainly to the limbs and describes something away from the center of the body. Distalは、主に体肢についての言及であり、 体の中心から離れていく何者か、という意味です。 Distal 遠位 遠い 体の中心または 体幹につく体肢の起始部位から より遠い(体肢、指に関係する) Alternatively, Proximal is something closer to the center of the body. 代わりに、Proximalは体の中心により近い何者かです。 Proximal 近位 ぴったり近接 体の中心または体幹につく 体肢の起始部位により近い (体肢、指に関係する) When I say that something is deep, I mean that it is not visible on the surface. 私が何かdeep(深い)と発言した場合、 表面から見えない、ということを意味します。 It's covered with other volumes. それは別の何かによっておおわれています。 However, superficial means it is visible on the surface. しかし、superficial(表面の)は、表面に目に見えることを意味します。 And similarly, subcutaneous means just below the skin. 同様に、subcutaneous(皮下の)は、皮膚のすぐ下を意味します。 subcutaneous 【形】 皮下の[に関する] Like the bony landmarks. 骨ばった目印などがそれです。 Thanks Skelly! 2 25For the full video on the Language of Anatomy, head on over to proko.com/anatomy. The premium 2 32version shows an explanation of more terms and has a downloadable PDF that you can print 2 39out. proko.com/anatomy.
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THE HOLLAND PLAY 分岐あり ~携帯電話~(RUFF RIDERでCheriseを殺した場合) Dwayne Niko, man. I was out today and I saw this bitch coming out a nail place. Niko、今日出かけてたら女がネイルサロンから出てくるところを見たぜ Dwayne She looked just like my old girl, Cherise. The one you said you killed with Jayvon outside the arcade. You sure that was her? Cheriseにそっくりだった。なあ、お前がアーケードん所でJaybonと一緒に殺した女ってのは彼女に間違いないのか? Niko Sorry, man. She's gone. Maybe things coulda been differnt in another life. ああ・・・彼女は逝ったよ。多分今頃違う場所で生まれ変わって違う人生をはじめてるかもな。 Dwayne Word. そうか・・ ~携帯電話~ Playboy X(以下PX) Niko, shit is getting fucked up. I need to see you at my crib. Nico、ちょっとマズいことになった。俺の家に来てくれ。 Niko How did the big real estate deal go? 例のどでかい不動産取引の件はどうなったんだ? PX That cat ain't got no vision, wants to shut down the site and shit. Make it a memorial to Union workers who've died in accidents. あの野郎は何も分かっちゃいねえ。あの場所を閉鎖して、あの事故で死んだ組合労働者のための慰霊碑を作るなんて抜かしてやがる。 PX Man, fuck Yosuf Amir. I got bigger problems. Come see me now. ユスフ·アミールめ。だが今はそれより厄介な問題があるんだ。すぐに来てくれ。 ~Playboy X宅~ PX Wassup, money? おう、元気か? Niko Hey. よう。 PX Man… business is tough. I ain't a cold person. I mean, I am cold, but...motherfucker. なぁ、ビジネスって厳しいもんだな。俺は非情になりきれねえし。いや、充分非情な人間なんだが…クソッ。 Niko What are you talking about? 何を言ってんだ。 PX You want a drink? 何か飲むか? Niko Ehh… ああ… PX Man, have a seat man. まあ座れよ。 Niko Alright. わかった。 PX Now, I got into this dope game because it was the only thing that was open to me, man. The only thing, man. 俺は、この世界にしか生きる場所がなくてヤクの売買に手を染めた。 PX The only thing, man. 選択肢なんてなかった。 Niko Hey, I am not judging. 責める気なんかねえぜ?。 PX No. Listen. Now I paid my dues. Now I leamed in a hard school, man... and I changes stuff, and you know me, I do this stuff in so I got a chanse to do some good in this town. いや、聞いてくれ。今や俺は自分のつけを払い、このイカレた学校で色んなことを学んで……なぁ、俺は変えるんだよ、分かってくれるよな、俺はこの町で良いことをするチャンスを得たからこれをするんだ。 Niko So you say. そうなのか? PX So I say? So I do. そうなのか?じゃない。そうなんだよ。 PX When I get the money, man... I will build parks, I will sponsor kids, I will gave lives... 俺が金持ちになった日には、ニコ...公園を建てようと思うんだ。子供たちを助けてやりてぇ。生きる活力を与えてやりてえんだ。 PX But I gotta have the money man. 'Cause all this? だが本当にこれだけのために金を得たいのか? PX All this? It means nothing if you ain't got the heart, Niko. 慈善事業だと?こんなの、気持ちがこもってなきゃ何の意味もねえじゃねえか、Niko。 Niko Amen, brother. 同情するよ,兄弟 PX I mean, fuck, man... fuck! The thing is... you know Jesus? 俺が言いてえのは、くそ、なぁ……くそっ!このことは……お前キリストを知ってるか? PX He did some crazy shit, too. I mean, everyone does. やつはイカレタこともやった。ていうか、神様がそうするんだから、まして人間は誰でもそうするってことだ。 PX He killed people. He killed that John the Baptist cat. He did what he had to. やつは人間を殺した。やつは蛆虫の洗礼者ヨハネを殺した。やつはやらねばやらないことはやったんだ。 Niko I don't think you're correct about that. その考えは間違ってると思うぞ。 PX Man. The point is, man... history is a long time. And you only got one chance... and Dwayne? なぁ。要するに俺が言いてえのは、なぁ……歴史って言うのは長い時間の積み重ねで、だけどお前はその中で一つのチャンスしか手にできずに……それがDwayneの野郎はどうだ? PX Man, Dwayne... it's like he thinks it's 1992 and the best you can hope for is a gold chain and a pager. You know, he looks at me like he wants me dead. はぁ、Dwayneか…… あいつは未だに今の時代が1992年か何かだと勘違いして、世界は金色のネックレスとポケベルだなんて思ってるようなやつなんだよ。わかるだろ、やつは俺を死んでくれっていう風に見るんだ。 PX I took care of business. I gave him more, but because I won't bow down to him and treat him like he The Almighty, motherfucker wants to pop me. やるべきことはやった。お布施もしたさ。でも俺が頭を下げずにあいつを神様扱いしなかっただけで、あのくそったれ、俺を殺そうとするんだ。 Niko Dwayne is a little troubled. He was in a prison a long time - maybe you guys should talk... Dwayneは長い間豚箱に入れられて出てきたばっかりでまだ慣れてないだけさ。お互いじっくりと話しあってもいいんじゃ――― PX No, I tried to talking. I... I... I tried giving him half of the business. 違う、俺は話そうとしたんだよ。俺は……俺は……あいつに仕事の半分を渡そうとしてみたんだ。 PX I tried everything a man could reasonably try and still call his self a man. 俺は人間がやってみる価値はあるだろうと思えるようなことは何でもやってみたよ。でもやっぱりあいつを人間扱いしちまうんだよ。 Niko So what you gonna do? じゃあどうするんだよ? Niko Kill him? 殺すのか? PX Hey I didn't say that. Man, you cold. おいおい、そんなこと言ってねえだろ。どす黒いな、お前。 Niko I was joking! 冗談だよ! PX But what else is there? だけど他に方法があるか? PX I mean, cat's been talking. 最近ちょっと噂で聞いたんだが、 PX Nah, I hear things. Said you and me was too tight now... said you disrespected him, called him mad... he's gone crazy. 奴は俺とお前が親密になりすぎていると思っているらしい。何でもお前が奴の事を狂人と思っていつか裏切るのだと思っているとか。 PX I mean he's gone. Prison does that. もう昔のあいつは死んだ、檻にぶち込まれて別人になっちまった。 Niko Well, you can't kill him. だからって、あいつを殺すなんてできないぞ。 PX No... But you can. ああ……だけどお前はできる。 Niko But I don't want to. でもしたくない。 PX Well neither do I, man. But if he goes insane, we all dead anyway. I mean, Dwayne is a killer. 俺だってやりたくねえよ。でももし奴がキレたら、俺たちは確実に死ぬな。分かるだろ、Dwayneは殺人鬼なんだよ。 Niko I don't like this conversation. こんな会話はもううんざりだ。 PX Do you think that I do? But it's kill or be killed out there. And you got a linatic after you? 俺が好きでこの会話してるとでも?でもこれは殺るか殺られるかの問題なんだぜ。それともお前もうあのイカレポンチと手結びやがったのか? PX? Man, you dumb. おい、勘弁してくれよ。 PX Now, I will give you a lot of money. Because see me, now I ain't scared of no one, but a motherfuckers says he's gonna kill me? a motherfucker's gonna die. まあいいさ、金は死ぬほどやる。勘違いすんなよ?俺は怖いものなんてねぇ、でも俺を殺すってクソッタレが現れたらそいつは殺さなきゃなんねえ。 Niko Man, I'm not sure. I've got to think about it. いや、分からねえよ。よく考えてみる。 PX Well, I hope you see some sense. I will be in touch. そうだな。お前に常識があることを願うよ。また会おうぜ。 ~携帯電話~ Dwayne Niko, man, I'm going to crazy. Since I got out things just don't make no sense. Niko、俺はどうにかなりそうなんだ。檻から帰ってきてからというもの、シャバはメチャクチャになっちまった。 Niko Have things ever made sense? メチャクチャじゃないものなんてあるのか? Dwayne They made sense inside. Three meals a day, time in the yard, lockdown at eight. Things out here is mad crazy. 檻の中の生活はもっとマトモだった。一日の食事は三回、部屋の中で一日を過ごし、八時には就寝。外で起こってることはキチガイじみてるよ。 Niko Tell me about it. たとえば? Dwayne On the downlow, I think Playboy wants me dead. Might just let him do it, put a cap in my dome. End it all. ここだけの話、俺はPlayboyが俺の死を望んでいるって思うんだ。いっそ奴に俺のハゲ頭に弾丸をぶち込ませてこの狂った人生を終わらせちまうのもいいかもな。 Niko That what you want? Seriously? それがお前の望みなのか?本当に? Dwayne Nah, fuck that shit. I ain't ready to go out yet. I need you to get him for me. I can't do it myself. He was my boy back in the day. そんなわけないだろ。俺はまだあの世に旅立つ準備はできてない。お前にやつを殺してほしいんだ、自分じゃできないからな。今はどうあれあいつは昔俺の舎弟だったわけだからな。 Dwayne That's something you won't be able to forget. それは忘れられないだろうよ。 Dwayne You seem like you got my back, Niko. Help me out on this one, dog. I'll stick by you 'till the end. Take him out for me. Niko、どうやらお前は俺の味方しているみたいだから頼む。この一件に手を貸してくれ。最期までお前についていくぜ。奴を殺ってくれ。 Niko That's pretty heavy request, Dwayne - Playboy was your best friend, and he's always been straight with me, more or less. 簡単にはイエスとは言えないよ、Dwayne。Playboyはかつてはお前の一番の親友だったし、俺も奴には大なり小なり世話になっているし。 Niko I'll have to think about it. 少し考えさせてくれ。 ~携帯電話~ PX Yo Money, don't be trifling with me. You made a decision? You going to fix this Dwayne problem of ours, yeah? よう相棒、いい加減にはぐらかすのはやめろ。決心はついたか?Dwayneのことにカタをつけてくれるんだよ、な? Niko Hey, it ain't our problem, Playboy - it's yours. おい、これは俺たちの問題じゃなくて、Playboy、お前の問題だろ。 Niko That said I know what I'm going to do. だから、自分がやるべきことは自分で決める。 PX That right - you cold, Niko. Peace and love. そうだな。あいかわらず冷血だな、Niko。じゃあな、愛してるぜ。 Kill PLAYBOY X or DWAYNE. 1. Dwayneを殺す場合 ~Dwayne宅~ Niko Hey Dwayne, open up. It's Niko. ようDwayne。開けてくれ、俺だ。 Dwayne I thought you was my homeboy. That you was gonnaput Playboy down for me. What you doing here? お前は俺の味方じゃなかったのか?Playboyを殺ってくれるって話だよな。こんなところで何している? Niko It ain't that simple, Dwayne. This is nothing personal. そんなに簡単なことじゃないんだ、Dwayne。俺を恨まないでくれ。 Dwayne Fuck you man. We was tight. You fake like the rest of them. このクソったれ!俺達はキツい事も乗り越えて来たろ!?お前も他の嘘ッパチ野郎共と同じだったって訳かよ!? Take out Dwayne. Dwayneを殺せ ~携帯電話~ Niko I put Dwayne out of his misery. Dwayneを災いから解放してやったぜ。 PX You did what you had to do, Niko. You got yourself that money. Good for you. Niko、お前はすべきことをしたんだ。金はお前のもんだ。よくやったな。 Niko You want me to come around? そっちに行こうか? PX You took down Dwayne, Niko. I see your face, I see the cat that killed my mentor. お前はDwayneを殺ったんだぞ、ニコ。お前は俺にとって、俺の師匠を殺した奴でしかねえ。 PX Dwayne was like a father to me. I can't be round you no more. It's over between us. Dwayneは親父同然だった。お前とはもう一緒にいれねぇ。俺らの関係はこれで終わりだ。 PX I don't want no beef, but now you and me got some. So it's best if we just stay the hell away from each other, man. 俺は不平不満言っているわけじゃない、でも俺らの間にはしこりができちまった。だから俺らはお互い距離を置いたほうがいいと思うんだ。 PX Shit - you nothing but a cold hearted killer, man. I mean, where the love? Where's your heart, homie? クソが。お前は冷酷な殺し屋だな。愛はどうしたんだ?ハートを無くしてしまったのかい、兄弟? PX Man, you ain't cool. You try to find something to live for, man. Peace. お前はクールじゃねぇ。次はもっと自分にふさわしい生き方を見つけな。じゃあな。 2. Playboy Xを殺す場合 ~Playboy X宅~ Man Yo, Playboy X! よう プレイボーイX! Man Yo, whitey's back! おう ニコ様のお帰りだ! PX Yo, what you doin'? You got rid od Dwayne already? I thought the old dog woulda put up more of a fight! で、どうなった?ドウェインをもう始末しちまったのか?もっと粘るかと思ったが早かったな! Niko I didn't kill Dwayne. ドウェインは殺してない。 PX Well, what you doin' back here then? Step to it, motherfucker. じゃあなんで戻って来た?早くしろよ、ボケが。 Niko Well, I was thinking that... maybe Dwayne is not the problem. 少し考えたんだが...問題なのは多分ドウェインじゃない。 Niko Maybe it's you. お前だ。 PX Motherfucker, you think you can touch this shit? You think I got here by letting little bitches like you fuck with me? クソが、俺に指一本でも触れてみろ。お前みてえなチンピラにナメられたらここまでビッグになれねえ。 PX I own you, nobody owns me. 飼い主は俺だ、ナメんな。 Take down Playboy X. プレイボーイを始末しろ。 ~Playboy Xを追いかける~ PX You coulda been someone, Niko. お前は大物になれたのにな、ニコ。 Niko X marks the spot. X印が付いている方を選んでやったのさ。 PX I showed you the world, gangster. You don't control this shit. お前に世界を見せてやった、ギャングスター。お前には手が負えないさ。 Niko It was you or Dwayne, I chose Dwayne. お前とDwayneなら、俺はDwayneを選ぶ。 PX Get this motherfucker. このマザーファッカーを始末しろ。 Niko You shouldn't have asked me to kill Dwayne, Playboy. 俺にDwayneの殺しを頼んだのは間違いだったな、Playboy。 Niko Not suck a big man, are you? 親分に手を出すなんてな? PX I took shit to the next level, cats like you just can't accept that. 俺は"世界"を変えてやったのに、お前みたなチンピラにはそれが受け入れられないんだな。 Niko You didn't change the game, the game changed you. お前が"世界"を変えたんじゃない、"世界"がお前を変えたんだ。 ~携帯電話~ Niko Dwayne, I dealt with Playboy. You should know that he asked me to end you first. He was going to pay me a lot of money to do it. ドウェイン、プレイボーイを片付けた。実は先に奴から、お前を殺せと頼まれたんだ。そして金をもらう約束だった。 Dwayne Shit, man. He was a good kid back in the day. Always hungry though, always wanted more. ちくちょう。アイツは昔いい奴だったんだ。いつも貪欲で、際限なく求めてた。 Dwayne Maybe I shoulda seen it then. Kept a closer eye on him. その時に気付くべきだった。 Niko You can't predict what people will become. 人がどう変わるかなんて分からないさ。 Dwayne You right. I can't give you no money for helping me, son. But I got the deed to Playboy's fancy silk sheet loft. You can have it. まあな。だが俺にはお前に渡せる金がねえ。だがアイツのシルクのシーツで寝れる部屋ならある。それでどうだ?。 Niko Hey man, I seen where you're living, you should take it. いや、アンタの住んでる場所を見てるからな…。部屋は譲るぜ。 Dwayne Nah. It'll make me remenber the kid too much. Maybe you'll stop by my place sometime though? Hang out with me? Idon't have many friend left, you know. 俺はいい。あそこは思い出がありすぎる。まあたまにはウチにも来いよ、ツルもうぜ。俺には友達もいないからな。 Niko I'll give you a call sometime son, Dwayne. Later on. 近いうちに電話するよ、ドウェイン。またな。 You can now use Playboy's loft as a safehouse. プレイボーイの部屋を隠れ家として使えるようになった。 ミッション後Romanとの電話 Niko Hey Roman. よう ローマン。 Roman Hello, Niko. How's it going, kiled anyone recently? よう、ニコ調子はどうだ。最近誰か殺したか?。 Niko Now that you mention it… まあ お前が聞きたいんだったら…。 Roman Shit NB, I was joking.Who was it this time? マジかよ 冗談のつもりだったのに。 今回は誰だ? Niko This drug dealer, Playboy X. ヤクの売人のプレイボーイXだ。 Niko He tried to get me to get rid of a friend of his for him but, uh, I liked the friend better. 奴は俺を使って自分の友人を殺させようとしたんだが、俺にとってはその友人の方が魅了的でな。 Roman Niko, shit, I hope this guy is paying you good for saving his ass. マジかよ そんじゃあ、命を救ってもらった礼としてタンマリ払ってもらったのか?。 Niko He just got out of prison and he hasn't got mush but… I made the right decision. ムショから出てきたばっかりだったから金はなかったが…後悔はしていない。 Roman Good, NB. I'll talk to you later on. そうか わかったよ まあ またな。
https://w.atwiki.jp/cotlostidols/pages/82.html
Cindy the Cheer-Orc アビリティ ギア 短評 アビリティ アビリティ Lv 種類 説明 High Kick 25 ◯ Cindy the Cheer-OrcのDPSが200%増加 Top of the Pyramid 50 ◇ 各キャラのDPSが、Cindy the Cheer-Orcからの距離×25%増加 Give me an S! 100 △ アクティブスキルStorm Riderを使えるようになる Cheer 150 ◯ 総DPSが20%増加 Shake it Off 200 ◯ 200Lv以降、Cindy the Cheer-OrcのDPSが25Lv毎に4倍ずつ増加 High Stamina 300 ◇ 総DPSが、倒されたモンスターの数×1%増加(最大200%、エリア変更で値はリセット) Practice Makes Perfect 400 ◇ Top of the Pyramidの効果が、50エリア毎に10%増加 ◯…自己バフ ◇…フォーメーションアビリティ △…アクティブスキル ギア 装備 レア度 説明 ポンポン コモン Storm Riderの効果が10%増加 アンコモン Storm Riderの効果が25%増加 レア Storm Riderの効果が50%増加 エピック Storm Riderの効果が100%増加 レジェンダリー(Lv1) Storm Riderの効果が100%増加High Staminaの効果と上限が100%増加※ リボン コモン Top of the Pyramidの効果が10%増加 アンコモン Top of the Pyramidの効果が25%増加 レア Top of the Pyramidの効果が50%増加 エピック Top of the Pyramidの効果が100%増加 レジェンダリー(Lv1) Top of the Pyramidの効果が200%増加Orcタグを持つキャラのDPSが100%増加※ ユニフォーム コモン 総DPSが5%増加 アンコモン 総DPSが10%増加 レア 総DPSが15%増加 エピック 総DPSが40%増加 レジェンダリー(Lv1) ※ ※印はレジェンダリーギアの追加効果 Lv増加と共に効果が倍々になる 短評
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THE VALE OF ANDRATH / アンドラスの谷 ブリットルリーフ巡視員(Watcher Brittleleaf)との会話 「グリムブリアー(Grimbriar)はやっと増援を送ってくれたのか? 俺たちはすっかり忘れられたんじゃないかと疑ってたところだ。 ここに到着したとき、俺たちは予想を遙かに上回る戦力を発見し、持ち場を離れるわけにはいかないと悟った。すでに俺たちは、ここの化け物どもがひどいまねをしているのを見てきたんだ。 俺たちはここを堅持し、務めを果たさなければならん!」 ●BRIGANDS AND HALF-ORCS / 山賊と半オークにつづく ●MUST HAVE... / なくてはならぬ...につづく ●NEEKER-BREAKER / コウベサセ虫につづく ●SHARKEY S LIEUTENANT / シャーキーの副官につづく ●SOUTHERN FIEND / 南方の悪鬼 につづく
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The Economic consequences of the peace Chapter II-Europe before the War Before 1870 different parts of the small continent of Europe had specialized in their own products; but, taken as a whole, it was substantially self-subsistent. And its population was adjusted to this state of affairs. After 1870 there was developed on a large scale an unprecedented situation, and the economic condition of Europe became during the next fifty years unstable and peculiar. The pressure of population on food, which had already been balanced by the accessibility of supplies from America, became for the first time in recorded history definitely reversed. As numbers increased, food was actually easier to secure. Larger proportional returns from an increasing scale of production became true of agriculture as well as industry. With the growth of the European population there were more emigrants on the one hand to till the soil of the new countries, and, on the other, more workmen were available in Europe to prepare the industrial products and capital goods which were to maintain the emigrant populations in their new homes, and to build the railways and ships which were to make accessible to Europe food and raw products from distant sources. Up to about 1900 a unit of labor applied to industry yielded year by year a purchasing power over an increasing quantity of food. It is possible that about the year 1900 this process began to be reversed, and a diminishing yield of Nature to man s effort was beginning to reassert itself. But the tendency of cereals to rise in real cost was balanced by other improvements; and—one of many novelties—the resources of tropical Africa then for the first time came into large employ, and a great traffic in oil-seeds began to bring to the table of Europe in a new and cheaper form one of the essential foodstuffs of mankind. In this economic Eldorado, in this economic Utopia, as the earlier economists would have deemed it, most of us were brought up. That happy age lost sight of a view of the world which filled with deep-seated melancholy the founders of our Political Economy. Before the eighteenth century mankind entertained no false hopes. To lay the illusions which grew popular at that age s latter end, Malthus disclosed a Devil. For half a century all serious economical writings held that Devil in clear prospect. For the next half century he was chained up and out of sight. Now perhaps we have loosed him again. What an extraordinary episode in the economic progress of man that age was which came to an end in August, 1914! The greater part of the population, it is true, worked hard and lived at a low standard of comfort, yet were, to all appearances, reasonably contented with this lot. But escape was possible, for any man of capacity or character at all exceeding the average, into the middle and upper classes, for whom life offered, at a low cost and with the least trouble, conveniences, comforts, and amenities beyond the compass of the richest and most powerful monarchs of other ages. The inhabitant of London could order by telephone, sipping his morning tea in bed, the various products of the whole earth, in such quantity as he might see fit, and reasonably expect their early delivery upon his doorstep; he could at the same moment and by the same means adventure his wealth in the natural resources and new enterprises of any quarter of the world, and share, without exertion or even trouble, in their prospective fruits and advantages; or be could decide to couple the security of his fortunes with the good faith of the townspeople of any substantial municipality in any continent that fancy or information might recommend. He could secure forthwith, if he wished it, cheap and comfortable means of transit to any country or climate without passport or other formality, could despatch his servant to the neighboring office of a bank for such supply of the precious metals as might seem convenient, and could then proceed abroad to foreign quarters, without knowledge of their religion, language, or customs, bearing coined wealth upon his person, and would consider himself greatly aggrieved and much surprised at the least interference. But, most important of all, he regarded this state of affairs as normal, certain, and permanent, except in the direction of further improvement, and any deviation from it as aberrant, scandalous, and avoidable. The projects and politics of militarism and imperialism, of racial and cultural rivalries, of monopolies, restrictions, and exclusion, which were to play the serpent to this paradise, were little more than the amusements of his daily newspaper, and appeared to exercise almost no influence at all on the ordinary course of social and economic life, the internationalization of which was nearly complete in practice. It will assist us to appreciate the character and consequences of the Peace which we have imposed on our enemies, if I elucidate a little further some of the chief unstable elements already present when war broke out, in the economic life of Europe. I. Population In 1870 Germany had a population of about 40,000,000. By 1892 this figure had risen to 50,000,000, and by June 30, 1914, to about 68,000,000. In the years immediately preceding the war the annual increase was about 850,000, of whom an insignificant proportion emigrated.[1] This great increase was only rendered possible by a far-reaching transformation of the economic structure of the country. From being agricultural and mainly self-supporting, Germany transformed herself into a vast and complicated industrial machine, dependent for its working on the equipoise of many factors outside Germany as well as within. Only by operating this machine, continuously and at full blast, could she find occupation at home for her increasing population and the means of purchasing their subsistence from abroad. The German machine was like a top which to maintain its equilibrium must spin ever faster and faster. In the Austro-Hungarian Empire, which grew from about 40,000,000 in 1890 to at least 50,000,000 at the outbreak of war, the same tendency was present in a less degree, the annual excess of births over deaths being about half a million, out of which, however, there was an annual emigration of some quarter of a million persons. To understand the present situation, we must apprehend with vividness what an extraordinary center of population the development of the Germanic system had enabled Central Europe to become. Before the war the population of Germany and Austria-Hungary together not only substantially exceeded that of the United States, but was about equal to that of the whole of North America. In these numbers, situated within a compact territory, lay the military strength of the Central Powers. But these same numbers—for even the war has not appreciably diminished them[2]—if deprived of the means of life, remain a hardly less danger to European order. European Russia increased her population in a degree even greater than Germany—from less than 100,000,000 in 1890 to about 150,000,000 at the outbreak of war;[3] and in the year immediately preceding 1914 the excess of births over deaths in Russia as a whole was at the prodigious rate of two millions per annum. This inordinate growth in the population of Russia, which has not been widely noticed in England, has been nevertheless one of the most significant facts of recent years. The great events of history are often due to secular changes in the growth of population and other fundamental economic causes, which, escaping by their gradual character the notice of contemporary observers, are attributed to the follies of statesmen or the fanaticism of atheists. Thus the extraordinary occurrences of the past two years in Russia, that vast upheaval of Society, which has overturned what seemed most stable—religion, the basis of property, the ownership of land, as well as forms of government and the hierarchy of classes—may owe more to the deep influences of expanding numbers than to Lenin or to Nicholas; and the disruptive powers of excessive national fecundity may have played a greater part in bursting the bonds of convention than either the power of ideas or the errors of autocracy. II. Organization The delicate organization by which these peoples lived depended partly on factors internal to the system. The interference of frontiers and of tariffs was reduced to a minimum, and not far short of three hundred millions of people lived within the three Empires of Russia, Germany, and Austria-Hungary. The various currencies, which were all maintained on a stable basis in relation to gold and to one another, facilitated the easy flow of capital and of trade to an extent the full value of which we only realize now, when we are deprived of its advantages. Over this great area there was an almost absolute security of property and of person. These factors of order, security, and uniformity, which Europe had never before enjoyed over so wide and populous a territory or for so long a period, prepared the way for the organization of that vast mechanism of transport, coal distribution, and foreign trade which made possible an industrial order of life in the dense urban centers of new population. This is too well known to require detailed substantiation with figures. But it may be illustrated by the figures for coal, which has been the key to the industrial growth of Central Europe hardly less than of England; the output of German coal grew from 30,000,000 tons in 1871 to 70,000,000 tons in 1890, 110,000,000 tons in 1900, and 190,000,000 tons in 1913. Round Germany as a central support the rest of the European economic system grouped itself, and on the prosperity and enterprise of Germany the prosperity of the rest of the Continent mainly depended. The increasing pace of Germany gave her neighbors an outlet for their products, in exchange for which the enterprise of the German merchant supplied them with their chief requirements at a low price. The statistics of the economic interdependence of Germany and her neighbors are overwhelming. Germany was the best customer of Russia, Norway, Holland, Belgium, Switzerland, Italy, and Austria-Hungary; she was the second best customer of Great Britain, Sweden, and Denmark; and the third best customer of France. She was the largest source of supply to Russia, Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Holland, Switzerland, Italy, Austria-Hungary, Roumania, and Bulgaria; and the second largest source of supply to Great Britain, Belgium, and France. In our own case we sent more exports to Germany than to any other country in the world except India, and we bought more from her than from any other country in the world except the United States. There was no European country except those west of Germany which did not do more than a quarter of their total trade with her; and in the case of Russia, Austria-Hungary, and Holland the proportion was far greater. Germany not only furnished these countries with trade, but, in the case of some of them, supplied a great part of the capital needed for their own development. Of Germany s pre-war foreign investments, amounting in all to about $6,250,000,000, not far short of $2,500,000,000 was invested in Russia, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, Roumania, and Turkey.[4] And by the system of "peaceful penetration" she gave these countries not only capital, but, what they needed hardly less, organization. The whole of Europe east of the Rhine thus fell into the German industrial orbit, and its economic life was adjusted accordingly. But these internal factors would not have been sufficient to enable the population to support itself without the co-operation of external factors also and of certain general dispositions common to the whole of Europe. Many of the circumstances already treated were true of Europe as a whole, and were not peculiar to the Central Empires. But all of what follows was common to the whole European system. III. The Psychology of Society Europe was so organized socially and economically as to secure the maximum accumulation of capital. While there was some continuous improvement in the daily conditions of life of the mass of the population, Society was so framed as to throw a great part of the increased income into the control of the class least likely to consume it. The new rich of the nineteenth century were not brought up to large expenditures, and preferred the power which investment gave them to the pleasures of immediate consumption. In fact, it was precisely the inequality of the distribution of wealth which made possible those vast accumulations of fixed wealth and of capital improvements which distinguished that age from all others. Herein lay, in fact, the main justification of the Capitalist System. If the rich had spent their new wealth on their own enjoyments, the world would long ago have found such a régime intolerable. But like bees they saved and accumulated, not less to the advantage of the whole community because they themselves held narrower ends in prospect. The immense accumulations of fixed capital which, to the great benefit of mankind, were built up during the half century before the war, could never have come about in a Society where wealth was divided equitably. The railways of the world, which that age built as a monument to posterity, were, not less than the Pyramids of Egypt, the work of labor which was not free to consume in immediate enjoyment the full equivalent of its efforts. Thus this remarkable system depended for its growth on a double bluff or deception. On the one hand the laboring classes accepted from ignorance or powerlessness, or were compelled, persuaded, or cajoled by custom, convention, authority, and the well-established order of Society into accepting, a situation in which they could call their own very little of the cake that they and Nature and the capitalists were co-operating to produce. And on the other hand the capitalist classes were allowed to call the best part of the cake theirs and were theoretically free to consume it, on the tacit underlying condition that they consumed very little of it in practice. The duty of "saving" became nine-tenths of virtue and the growth of the cake the object of true religion. There grew round the non-consumption of the cake all those instincts of puritanism which in other ages has withdrawn itself from the world and has neglected the arts of production as well as those of enjoyment. And so the cake increased; but to what end was not clearly contemplated. Individuals would be exhorted not so much to abstain as to defer, and to cultivate the pleasures of security and anticipation. Saving was for old age or for your children; but this was only in theory,—the virtue of the cake was that it was never to be consumed, neither by you nor by your children after you. In writing thus I do not necessarily disparage the practices of that generation. In the unconscious recesses of its being Society knew what it was about. The cake was really very small in proportion to the appetites of consumption, and no one, if it were shared all round, would be much the better off by the cutting of it. Society was working not for the small pleasures of to-day but for the future security and improvement of the race,—in fact for "progress." If only the cake were not cut but was allowed to grow in the geometrical proportion predicted by Malthus of population, but not less true of compound interest, perhaps a day might come when there would at last be enough to go round, and when posterity could enter into the enjoyment of our labors. In that day overwork, overcrowding, and underfeeding would have come to an end, and men, secure of the comforts and necessities of the body, could proceed to the nobler exercises of their faculties. One geometrical ratio might cancel another, and the nineteenth century was able to forget the fertility of the species in a contemplation of the dizzy virtues of compound interest. There were two pitfalls in this prospect lest, population till outstripping accumulation, our self-denials promote not happiness but numbers; and lest the cake be after all consumed, prematurely, in war, the consumer of all such hopes. But these thoughts lead too far from my present purpose. I seek only to point out that the principle of accumulation based on inequality was a vital part of the pre-war order of Society and of progress as we then understood it, and to emphasize that this principle depended on unstable psychological conditions, which it may be impossible to recreate. It was not natural for a population, of whom so few enjoyed the comforts of life, to accumulate so hugely. The war has disclosed the possibility of consumption to all and the vanity of abstinence to many. Thus the bluff is discovered; the laboring classes may be no longer willing to forego so largely, and the capitalist classes, no longer confident of the future, may seek to enjoy more fully their liberties of consumption so long as they last, and thus precipitate the hour of their confiscation. IV. The Relation of the Old World to the New The accumulative habits of Europe before the war were the necessary condition of the greatest of the external factors which maintained the European equipoise. Of the surplus capital goods accumulated by Europe a substantial part was exported abroad, where its investment made possible the development of the new resources of food, materials, and transport, and at the same time enabled the Old World to stake out a claim in the natural wealth and virgin potentialities of the New. This last factor came to be of the vastest importance. The Old World employed with an immense prudence the annual tribute it was thus entitled to draw. The benefit of cheap and abundant supplies resulting from the new developments which its surplus capital had made possible, was, it is true, enjoyed and not postponed. But the greater part of the money interest accruing on these foreign investments was reinvested and allowed to accumulate, as a reserve (it was then hoped) against the less happy day when the industrial labor of Europe could no longer purchase on such easy terms the produce of other continents, and when the due balance would be threatened between its historical civilizations and the multiplying races of other climates and environments. Thus the whole of the European races tended to benefit alike from the development of new resources whether they pursued their culture at home or adventured it abroad. Even before the war, however, the equilibrium thus established between old civilizations and new resources was being threatened. The prosperity of Europe was based on the facts that, owing to the large exportable surplus of foodstuffs in America, she was able to purchase food at a cheap rate measured in terms of the labor required to produce her own exports, and that, as a result of her previous investments of capital, she was entitled to a substantial amount annually without any payment in return at all. The second of these factors then seemed out of danger, but, as a result of the growth of population overseas, chiefly in the United States, the first was not so secure. When first the virgin soils of America came into bearing, the proportions of the population of those continents themselves, and consequently of their own local requirements, to those of Europe were very small. As lately as 1890 Europe had a population three times that of North and South America added together. But by 1914 the domestic requirements of the United States for wheat were approaching their production, and the date was evidently near when there would be an exportable surplus only in years of exceptionally favorable harvest. Indeed, the present domestic requirements of the United States are estimated at more than ninety per cent of the average yield of the five years 1909-1913.[5] At that time, however, the tendency towards stringency was showing itself, not so much in a lack of abundance as in a steady increase of real cost. That is to say, taking the world as a whole, there was no deficiency of wheat, but in order to call forth an adequate supply it was necessary to offer a higher real price. The most favorable factor in the situation was to be found in the extent to which Central and Western Europe was being fed from the exportable surplus of Russia and Roumania. In short, Europe s claim on the resources of the New World was becoming precarious; the law of diminishing returns was at last reasserting itself and was making it necessary year by year for Europe to offer a greater quantity of other commodities to obtain the same amount of bread; and Europe, therefore, could by no means afford the disorganization of any of her principal sources of supply. Much else might be said in an attempt to portray the economic peculiarities of the Europe of 1914. I have selected for emphasis the three or four greatest factors of instability,—the instability of an excessive population dependent for its livelihood on a complicated and artificial organization, the psychological instability of the laboring and capitalist classes, and the instability of Europe s claim, coupled with the completeness of her dependence, on the food supplies of the New World. The war had so shaken this system as to endanger the life of Europe altogether. A great part of the Continent was sick and dying; its population was greatly in excess of the numbers for which a livelihood was available; its organization was destroyed, its transport system ruptured, and its food supplies terribly impaired. It was the task of the Peace Conference to honor engagements and to satisfy justice; but not less to re-establish life and to heal wounds. These tasks were dictated as much by prudence as by the magnanimity which the wisdom of antiquity approved in victors. We will examine in the following chapters the actual character of the Peace. FOOTNOTES [1] In 1913 there were 25,843 emigrants from Germany, of whom 19,124 went to the United States. [2] The net decrease of the German population at the end of 1918 by decline of births and excess of deaths as compared with the beginning of 1914, is estimated at about 2,700,000. [3] Including Poland and Finland, but excluding Siberia, Central Asia, and the Caucasus. [4] Sums of money mentioned in this book in terms of dollars have been converted from pounds sterling at the rate of $5 to £1. [5] Even since 1914 the population of the United States has increased by seven or eight millions. As their annual consumption of wheat per head is not less than 6 bushels, the pre-war scale of production in the United States would only show a substantial surplus over present domestic requirements in about one year out of five. We have been saved for the moment by the great harvests of 1918 and 1919, which have been called forth by Mr. Hoover s guaranteed price. But the United States can hardly be expected to continue indefinitely to raise by a substantial figure the cost of living in its own country, in order to provide wheat for a Europe which cannot pay for it.